Tracheo-oesophageal fistulas

 

 

*As u can see above there are five types of Tracheo-oesophageal fistulas . They are type a, type b, type c, type d, and type e.

*Another type called type f, has been recognised which has no fistula but is characterised by oesophageal narrowing.

*TYPE C is the most common type of tracheo-oesophageal fistula, followed by TYPE A and TYPE E.

*TYPE E, is also called the H TYPE fistula, because of its resemblance to the english alphabet H.

*TYPE E ( Tracheo-oesophageal fistula without atresia or H type fistula ) is associated with refractory bronchospasm and recurrent pneumonias.

Brachycephaly

Brachycephaly, also known as flat-head syndrome, is a type of cephalic disorder. This occurs when the coronal suture fuses prematurely, causing a shortened front-to-back diameter of the skull. The coronal suture is the fibrous joint that unites the frontal bone with the two parietal bones of the skull. The parietal bones form the top and sides of the skull. This feature can be seen in Down Syndrome.

The incidence of brachycephaly has increased dramatically since the advent of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome recommendations for parents to keep their babies on their backs. Many pediatricians remain unaware of the issue and possible treatments.

Treatments range from a simple repositioning of babies below the age of 5 months or more involved treatment with a helmet for children under the age of 18 months.
Brachycephaly also describes a developmentally normal type of skull with a low cephalic index, such as in snub-nosed breeds of dog.

Salmon Patches in neonates

Salmon patches are commonly seen in the newborn period ,Salmon patches are more common in Caucasian populations. Alternative terms are naevus simplex, "angel kisses" (when on the forehead or eyelids), and "stork bites" (over the nape of the neck). They are midline malformations consisting of ectatic capillaries in the upper dermis with normal overlying skin.

Most will resolve over the first couple of years of life, but some - especially the nuchal lesions - may persist into adulthood.

It is important to differentiate salmon patches from port-wine stains (PWS). PWS are more lateral, do not resolve, and may darken and thicken with age. Some haemangiomas over the eyelid may also start as a faint erythematous patch before developing into a more typical haemangioma.

Appearance of Epstein pearls in the mouth of newborn infants

Epstein's pearls are very common and benign small white or yellow cystic vesicles (1 to 3 mm in size) often seen in the median palatal raphe of the mouth of newborn infants (occur in 65-85% of newborns).

It represents epithelial tissue that becomes trapped during the palatal fusion. On palpation, these are firm papules that can be appreciated when the infant is sucking on the examiner's finger. They do not require treatment as they resolve spontaneously over the first few weeks of life.

Epstein Pearl in 5 week old infant

Appearance of normal Tonsils and Inflamed Pharyngeal Tonsilitis

Normal tonsils can be small and not visible or quite prominent when checked in a mirror.

When the tonsils are small (as in young babies and in most adults) they are barely visible. Between the age of two and five,the tonsils peak in size and may be large enough to touch each other. It is normal for a young child to have large tonsils, and if they appear normal and are not causing any problem (such as sleep apnea), the size of the tonsils alone is generally not a concern.

If the tonsils are infected with a bacteria, they will usually get large, turn somewhat red, and may have some yellowish-white debris on the surface. This would be called bacterial tonsillitis, which is one kind of sore throat. Appearances can be misleading, since there are some viruses which can make the tonsils look like this or worse. Teenagers with infectious mononucleosis (a condition usually caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus) have particularly severe symptoms, with very swollen tonsils covered with debris, yet antibiotics are not needed for this disease. On the other hand, the "strep" bacteria can be present in a normal looking throat. The only way to be sure is to do a throat culture, although there are other tests which may suggest a bacterial infection.

Showing newest posts with label AUTOIMMUNE. Show older posts Characteristic appearance of the rash of Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)

Henoch–Schonlein purpura
Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP or anaphylactoid purpura) is the commonest childhood vasculitis, with an incidence between 13.5 and 24 per 100000 children under 14 years old, falling with
increasing age. "Vasculitis is a general term that refers to the inflammation of arteries, or blood vessels".
It is a multisystem disorder affecting the skin, joints (in 60–84 %) particularly ankles and knees, gastrointestinal tract with pain and gastrointestinal bleeding, and kidneys. The aetiology is unclear although preceding infection, particularly upper respiratory tract infection; there is a seasonal variation in incidence supporting an infectious aetiology. No single organism has been found to be associated with HSP.

For most children, Henoch–Schonlein purpura HSP is diagnosed by the appearance of the rash......purple, bruised rash on legs, buttocks or elsewhere. This is caused by red blood cells that leak out of the damaged blood vessels.

 The palpable purpuric rash of Henoch–Schonlein purpura in the classic distribution around the lateral malleoli,the ventral aspects of the feet,the buttocks and the extensor aspects of the legs.The rash may start with urticaria.

Joints: painful, brief swelling. The joints most frequently affected with pain and swelling are the ankles and the knees. Usually this only lasts from 1-3 days in the individual joints. Sometimes whole limbs will swell. The inflammation does not cause crippling arthritis.

Intestines: mostly abdominal pain, but can also include loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting and occasional blood in stools. Rarely, patients develop an abnormal bowel folding called intussusception.

Kidney: a significant number develop nephritis with an estimated 1 per cent developing endstage renal failure. 5 to 15 % of children requiring dialysis have Henoch–Schonlein purpura.